Form a normative perspective, inclusion can be seen as the goal and sometimes the result of a conscious confrontation with the political and social reality. The projects of the research cluster "Citizenship Education" develop, test and reflect on corresponding teaching and learning processes in formal, non-formal and informal educational contexts. The innovative educational concepts take up dynamics that shape society, such as globalization, migration movements and digitization, and make their significance for the individual and for the further development of an inclusive society understandable. Irrespective of the projects' differently accentuated content areas, its focus is on a common core: to enable people to actively participate in political and social life through educational processes and to encourage them to critically and reflectively assess exclusion mechanisms and orders of belonging. The target groups of the projects are actors in school education, extracurricular youth and adult education as well as higher education.